Salinity Lab Report Essay Example

Saltiness Lab Report Paper On the off chance that you put these life forms in a jug and turn on the lights, you get photosynthesis. On the off chance that you turn off the lights, you turn off the essential creation. Haziness has no impact on breath. This is on the grounds that cell breath is really the converse procedure of photosynthesis. Oxygen is a need of life prerequisites for fundamentally all living beings. * In this lab we are trying how various degrees of saltiness in the water by implication influences the gross essential efficiency in sea-going plants. To quantify this you would utilize the light ND dim container technique. Just breath (R) can happen in the container put away in obscurity. The abatement in broke down oxygen in obscurity bottle after some time is a proportion of the pace of breath. Both photosynthesis and breath can happen in the jug presented to light, anyway the distinction between the measure of oxygen delivered through photosynthesis and that devoured through breath is the net essential profitability (NAP). The distinction in broke up oxygen after some time between the containers put away in the light and in obscurity is a proportion of the aggregate sum of oxygen delivered by photosynthesis. The aggregate sum of oxygen delivered is known as the gross essential efficiency (GAP). The condition for this technique is as followed: GAP= NAP + R NAP= light jug beginning DO R= starting DO-dull container Materials: 18 moll jars 2-1000 ml measuring glasses Stirrers salt Weigh pontoon Scale Distilled water Tap water Tape Sharpie Tin foil Dissolved oxygen test Compact plant leaves Dissolve oxygen test Plastic film Procedure: 1. Plug in and set up disintegrated oxygen test 2. Accumulate 18 jars 3. Separate the flagons into 3 gatherings (0. 25 g/ml, 0. 02 g/ml, and zero MGM/l) 4. We will compose a custom article test on Salinity Lab Report explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Salinity Lab Report explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Salinity Lab Report explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Name he initial 6 jars zero for zero salt. 5. Name the following 6 flagons 0. 25 g/ml on the grounds that those flagons will have saltiness substance of 0. 25 g/ml. 6. Mark the last 6 jars 0. Egg/ml which will have saltiness substance of 0. 02 g/ml 7. Utilizing the scale and a gauge pontoon, weigh out 0. 25 grams of salt. 8. Fill the 1 liter container with faucet water and pour the 0. 25 grams of salt. 9. Blend and disperse the water to the 60. 25 g/ml jars. 10. Rehash stages 6 through 9 utilizing the necessary estimations. 11. Utilizing the broke down oxygen test measure and record the information for every one of the 18 cups. This quantitative information will be your underlying broken up oxygen. 12. Spot one reduced plant leaf into each cup and impermeable seal every carafe utilizing the plastic film. 13. Inside the 3 separate gatherings, split the cups into two gatherings. Enclose half of the gathering carafes by tin foil and the other half spot under lights. (I. E. : The 6 zero saltiness flagons will transform into two gatherings of 3. ) 14. Hold up 3 days and afterward record discoveries. Utilize this information to ascertain NAP, R, and GAP. Conversation: From the information gathered, I got negative GAP and R esteems which shows a mistake in the lab/information assortment. The gathering that wound up with a positive gross essential profitability was the 0. 02 MGM/l gathering. Every one of the 3 saltiness varieties had moderately a similar net essential efficiency, with 4 MGM/l being the most reduced and 4. 8 MGM/l being the most elevated. The measure of saltiness in the water likewise demonstrated no distinction in the plants breath. The most minimal was - 4. 7 MGM/l in both 0. MGM/l and the zero saltiness gatherings. The gathering with the most elevated measure of salt in the water had the most noteworthy breath, which isnt something that would occur, all things considered. Assessment: A primary wellspring of blunder in this lab was the kind of Lana we utilized. Either the salt didnt influence it much or it didnt photosynthesis just as we arranged. There was a blunder in the information assortment in light of the fact that the breath esteems and gross efficiency esteems were negative which would not occur, all things considered. Another issue with this lab is that it requires a long time to get everything set up on the principal day and can nearly take two days which would not work since you have to gather the underlying DO and taking over one day would not make the DO understanding introductory. End: My speculation was not upheld.

All About Abbreviations

About Abbreviations About Abbreviations About Abbreviations By Guest Author This is a visitor post by Letia Graening. A contraction is characterized as an abbreviated form of a word or expression. However, did you realize that there are a wide range of sorts of shortened forms? Here is a rundown of truncation types: Abbreviation †This structures a word utilizing the underlying parts or first letters of a name. For instance, ABBA, MADD, and OPEC are generally abbreviations that take the primary letter from each word to frame another word. Lesser realized abbreviations incorporate scuba and laser. The last models demonstrate that not all abbreviations must be promoted. Initialism Also called alphabetism, this is a gathering of letters, each articulated independently, utilized as a truncation for a name or articulation. Models include: CD, TV, and UK. Truncation This kind of condensing comprises just of the initial segment of a word. These are regularly utilized when alluding to appropriate titles, for example, months of the year or days of the week, e.g., Mon., Fri., Apr., Oct. Cut †Similar to truncation in that you are utilizing a piece of the word to shape the condensing, yet for this situation you’re utilizing either the center or end. Normal cut truncations incorporate telephone (phone) and cooler (fridge). Aphesis For this situation, you have dropped the unstressed vowel toward the start of the word. These are frequently accidental and calmly spoken adaptations of the words. Maybe the best model is cause rather than in light of the fact that. Portmanteau The mixing of at least two words will give you a portmanteau. A portion of my undisputed top choices incorporate liger (lion and tiger), spork (spoon and fork), skort (shorts and skirt), and brinner (breakfast and supper). A few interesting points when utilizing truncations: Anybody can make up a shortening and many are non-standard. They should, in this manner, be kept separate from formal composition. In the event that the full word would be promoted (e.g., Sunday or January), try to underwrite the contraction (e.g., Sun. or on the other hand Jan.). Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Writing Basics classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Cannot or Can Not?30 Words for Small Amounts

Robotics

Robotics Once largely the province of science fiction, roboticss already permeate our daily lives. We may not realize it, as science fiction novels, television, and film have shaped our expectations of the appearance and function of robots. And those popular images of robots â€" machines like Wall-E, C-3P0, or the Terminator, do not yet exist. We do not live in a society where robots are as common in every household as silverware. However, not only are we headed there, already, robots of astounding functionality are in use around the world. Moreover, many corporations are racing to not only develop robots that meet our preconceived notions of what a robot should be, but also make them as ubiquitous as cellphones. Governments are striving to enhance their viability as weapons. In addition, academics are vigorously searching for singularity â€" the point at which robot intelligence will outstrip human intelligence. © Shutterstock.com | Willyam BradberryFueling all of this activity is the exciting field of robotics, which promises â€" or threatens â€" to transform our world in just a few short decades. In this article, we will look at, 1) definition of robotics, 2) history of robotics technology, 3) trends in robotics research, 3) semi-autonomous vs. autonomous robots, 4) robotics in industry and government, 5)  consumer robotics, 6) the future development of robotics technology, 7) the benefits of robotics technology, and 8) the ethical implications of robotics.DEFINITION OF ROBOTICSRobotics is the cross-disciplinary study of the design, development, and deployment of robots, which involves electronics, engineering, computer science, bioengineering, physics, philosophy, and psychology. We then must define robots, which is no easy task. In 1979, the Robot Institute of America defined robots as:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or sp ecialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Is a car then a robot? The Oxford Dictionary defines a robot as:“A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially one programmable by a computer.”The first part is good, but the second part is clearly reflective of our popular conception of robots, and is contradicted by new biological tissue-based bio-robots, among other new developments. As the technology evolves, so too must the definition. For our purposes, we will define robots using the first part of the Oxford Dictionary definition, which is inclusive of not only new developments in robotics technology, but also the historical development of robots and robotics.A HISTORY OF ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGYScience historians generally credit the first robot to Archytas, an ancient Greek scholar and contemporary of Plato, who, in 350 BC, developed an artificial flying device whose form mimicked a bird’ s form and whose propulsion was powered by steam. Approximately 100 years later, the Greek inventor Ctesibus created automated clocks powered by water. These early inventions paved the way for further exploration of automated machines, with further advancements throughout the centuries leading to famed inventor Leonardo DaVinci’s robot â€" an armored knight in 1495; the Digesting Duck (robot) of French inventor Jacques de Vaucanson in 1739; and Swiss inventor Pierre Jacquet Droz’s animated dolls, built in the late 18th century. Most of the robots of the time were built to amuse and entertain European royalty; Droz’s dolls are notable for being programmable and a precursor to the modern computer.In 1822, Charles Babbage, an English scholar, invented (but never built) what is considered the first computer: a machine based on levers and gears, rather than the then-recently created electric circuit (by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800). As computers are key to most robots in service today, as well as major fields of robotics study, it is worth noting here. Further advancements in mathematics, physics, mechanics, and electrical engineering over the next century and a half years led to the development of remote controlled robots. The term robot itself (from Czech writer Karel Capek’s play R.U.R. or Rossum’s Universal Robots) was popularized by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov, whose fiction has been influential on robo-ethics, and the term “artificial intelligence.”The 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s saw the rise of automated machines introduced for commercial manufacturing purposes as well as significant scientific explorations in artificial intelligence and biomechanics. However, beginning in the 1980s and early 1990s, robotics began to seep outside of the lab and into the hands of consumers, notably through LEGO robotics kits, which were simultaneously introduced to retail stores and classrooms. With the explosion of the Internet in the la te 1990s and the early 2000s, came a similar frenzied commercial drive to adapt robotics technologies, such as sensing, thinking, and acting, into electronically powered consumer products, thus blurring the line between what we think of as robots and actual robots. However, the Internet, and more specifically, the advent of the Digital or Information Age, also accelerated work on the development of service robots, military robots, research robots, and other machines strictly defined as robots.TRENDS IN ROBOTICS RESEARCHBecause robotics involves so many disciplines, approaches, and goals, there are dozens of different branches of robotics. They include, but are not limited to:Aerial robotics: the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, commonly known as drones);Artificial intelligence: the development of self-thinking machines;Bio-robotics: the design of robots that emulate biological beings;Robot learning: the design and refinement of the way robot programming processes infor mation; andKinematics: the study of motion, in this case applied to robots.Fundamentally, some of the major trends in robotics research today that encompass most of robotics’ diverse branches include:Standardization: the creation of a common robot operating system;Miniaturization: which reflects advances in nanotechnology and medical applications for robots;Parallel processing: the development of robotics CPUs that mimic the human brain;Biological modeling: modeling robotic motion on human and animal motion; andIncreasing robotic autonomy.How Robots Will Change The World Documentary SEMI-AUTONOMOUS VS. AUTONOMOUS ROBOTSRobots are either semi-autonomous or autonomous. Semi-autonomous robots are those that are controlled manually by a human, or by their programming. They may be able to learn but that learning has a finite ceiling. Autonomous robots, in contrast, are those that can think, act, and adapt to sensory input. Completely autonomous robots are the ultimate goal of the arti ficial intelligence branch of robotics. However, while academics make strides towards that end, others work to refine the many semi-autonomous robots active today. Usually, these are found in industry and government, are known as service robots, and are designed to perform a specific function.ROBOTICS IN INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENTManufacturingService robots have been utilized in industrial manufacturing processes to automate various phases of production since the 1960s. Most often, these robots are purely functional in design. One of the first industrial robots was an “arm,” created by George Devol in 1961, and used to manufacture auto parts at General Motors. Today, industrial robots have replaced millions of farmers, manufacturers, cargo loaders, and other labor-intensive occupations. Other jobs have arisen in new fields, but another wave of job displacement may arise with the advances in, and increased deployment of, semi-autonomous robots. The ability of service robots to learn and process complex information could lead to the deployment of robots in fields such as precision manufacturing, trucking, accounting, and even writing.MedicineRecent advances in robotics have been fueled in part by medical research and efforts by the medical community to improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery. Robots like Aethon TUG and the Vasteras Giraffe have been deployed in hospitals to deliver medicine and/or medical equipment throughout hospitals, and to enhance the delivery of medicine to homebound patients, respectively. Other examples include the Bestic, a robotic arm that helps delivery food to patients, and the Cosmobot, a robot design to enhance therapy techniques administered to developmentally disabled children.Robots have also been used increasingly in operations. Robots, such as the ZEUS Robotic Surgical System, have been in use since the late 1990s. Unmanned robotic surgeries have been available to patients since 2006. The burgeoning field of nano-medicin e is full of enthusiastic academic researchers devoted to deliver medicine in the body through nano-bots, which would act similar to antibodies. Unlike most robots, these would be made from biological tissue, rather than metal or polymers.Robotics technologies have also been employed in exoskeletons, to great effect. The firm ReWalk created an exoskeleton that, using sensing technologies, allows paraplegics to walk. It has been approved by the FDA for use, and while it currently costs approximately $70,000, advancements in these technologies as well as computer learning and processing power, may bring the price down in the coming years.MilitaryExoskeletons are not solely the province of medical research. Militaries, especially the U.S. military, have spent a considerable amount of time and money developing exoskeletons for infantry combat use. Such devices would allow soldiers to carry supplies and weapons effortlessly; some might even be capable of flight! They would also allow sol diers a full-range of motion, and be able to operate for long periods without charging. Currently, limitations include cost (as these would need to be produced in bulk to account for hundreds of thousands of soldiers), power limitations, and mobility issues.However, robots themselves have already been introduced on the battlefield. The U.S. Air Force uses aerial drones for surgical military strikes, and for reconnaissance. Other models of robots are used for ground-level reconnaissance, explosive device assessment and disposal, and equipment transportation. They range in size and form. For example, handheld “throwbots” can be pitched through a window or doorway and use their built-in recording equipment for surveillance. Security robotic systems, like the Packbot or TALON are often equipped with tires or treads to travel to a particular destination and perform a specified task. These models are small enough to be transported in a soldier’s backpack. By contrast, robots like th e ACER resemble a bulldozer and are designed for bomb disposal, transportation of weapons, and clearing roadway obstacles.In 2003, the U.S. Army initially announced a $130 billion program called Future Combat Systems that aimed to deploy armed robots in its military forces. However, the program was canceled in 2009 and its more promising initiatives swept into a general modernization program for brigade combat teams. Currently, the U.S., Britain, Israel, South Korea, and China use semi-autonomous robots in military combat.CONSUMER ROBOTICSOf course, not all robotics applications are used for such serious purposes. Consumer robots have been available as toys, pets, and household implements since the 1980s.FunctionsTo-date, consumer robots have generally fallen into one of four categories: toys, pets, social robots, and household implements. Starting with LEGO robotics kits, electronics and toy companies have raced each other to introduce viable robotic toys for kids. And beyond those kits, robot toys have proliferated, from the Tomy Verbot and Playskool Alphie of the 1980s to the Furbys and Sony AIBOs of the 1990s to the RoboSapiens and ASIMOs of today.Many robot toys come in the form of pets. Sony’s AIBO, a robotic toy that can learn and entertain, is a good example, appealing to more than just the market of robot enthusiasts. Indeed, pet robots are a good example of social robots â€" robots designed to provide people with companionship. These can range from the AIBO to dining companion robots such as the JIBO to adult entertainment robots, such as Roxxxy. Other robots, such as the Roomba, provide common household functions, such as vacuum cleaning.Roomba FeaturesThe features of most consumer robots parallel advances in the broader field of robotics. They are electro-mechanical (rather than biological) machines, and usually feature the latest in robot learning, sensing and motion technologies, though these are dependent on their primary function and price po int. Many can be integrated with your other electronics, such as your iPhone.CostsRobots available on the consumer market can retail for as little as $20.00 to as much as $10,000 or more. Generally, the more features the robot has, the more expensive it is. As robotic technologies become more inexpensive to produce, the price point will likely drop, as many electronics corporations would love to ensure the average household of the next ten years features at least one robot.Worlds 10 Most Amazing Robots FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGYWidespread adoptionMuch like popular fiction, scientists and futurists alike do predict that in the next few decades, robots will be in every household. However, few predict the proliferation of humanoid robots. Robotics technologies will instead be propagated throughout all types of electronic devices. This is already occurring. Self-driving cars and smart cities are prime examples. In addition, given that defense departments and healthcare co mpanies are driving investment in robotics technology RD to ensure productivity gains in the military and medicine, they are committed to adopting new technologies that meet safety, productivity, and cost standards.Increased functionalityAdvances in motion and sensing technologies will continue to improve the precision of robot motion, allowing robots to perform tasks once exclusively the domain of humans, as well as some tasks beyond our capabilities. Open sourcing robotics software development will likely yield answers to some tough problems facing roboticists now, but an eventual standardization of operating systems will likely yield the biggest breakthroughs.Integration with artificial intelligence researchEvery new breakthrough in robot learning brings us closer and closer to singularity. At some point in the not too distance future (Noted futurist, inventor and machine learning expert at Google, Ray Kurzweil, predicts by 2029) we will have the ability to develop fully autonomo us robots, which will bring new opportunities and challenges.NanotechnologyAdvances in nanotechnology will most notably have beneficial implications for healthcare, in terms of medicine delivery, healthcare monitoring, medical devices, and surgeries. However, nanotechnology has frightening implications for modern warfare and could, if weaponized, be as destructive as nuclear weapons. Beyond use in some consumer goods manufacturing, there is not much of a consumer market for nano-bots. Nevertheless, there soon might be.BENEFITS OF ROBOTICSAs robotics advances, the benefits of robot utilization grow exponentially. Service robots in industry have lowered production costs and created safer working environments. Military usage of robots has reduced casualties and collateral damage. Robots have also improved healthcare delivery and the advancement, and will likely continue to do so. Moreover, the proliferation of consumer robots may help us, not only in our daily lives, but also understan d ourselves better.ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICSRobotics presents us several potential ethical dilemmas, many of which have played out where robotics started â€" in popular fiction. Perhaps the most common ethical question is, if/when we, one day, create artificial intelligence, what is the role of the robot in our society? Even our current level of robotics technology has created a number of issues that we are already wrestling with, including, but not limited to:Privacy issues related to prosthetic devices and data chip implants, and the introduction of robots into policing;Ethical issues related to physical enhancements through robotics technology; the open sourcing of robotic design; the design of robots that can “breed” (create other robots); and the usage of robots in military operations; andPsychological, moral, and philosophical issues related to human interaction with service robots â€" industrial and personal.Introduction to Robotics[slideshare id=1025309doc=introdu ction-to-robotics-1234545871742906-2w=640h=330]

Spring Break Of Alabama, Alabama - 1287 Words

Spring Break In Alabama In the early morning of April 7th, 2015, my grandparents, parents, brother, and I awoke groggy, and excited for the days to come. We drug ourselves out of bed and got ready for the long, tiring, 12 hour, car ride. About 4 hours away from Gulf Shores, Alabama, our final destination, we decided to stop at Bass Pro Shop in Birmingham, Alabama. At Bass Pro Shop we looked at hunting and camping accessories while stretching our legs and looking for snacks, so that we could continue straight to Gulf Shores. Once we arrived in Gulf Shores, we stopped to get our key to the condo then went on to eat lunch at Hooters. At Hooters my parents, brother, and I got mild wings, which weren’t very good. The salty fries, on the†¦show more content†¦In the front of the living room and both large bedrooms were sliding doors that led to a wide balcony that showed the beautiful ocean, beach, and sky. After exploring the condo and all the rooms, my family and I moved on to adventure outside. It was a nice, yet chilly afternoon so we decided to admire the many restaurants and shops. After my grandparents arrived, we had a dinner of amazing, juicy burgers. Next we moved on to explore the beach. The sand was cool, and the small, sharp seashells stabbed at your feet as you walked. We watched the beautiful image of the sun sinking into the pink and orange sky as we felt and smelled the cold salt water against our feet. The next day, April 8th, my parents and I woke around 8 a.m. to get ready for our 3 mile run. After running, we spent a couple hours at the beach in the warm sun and chilly breeze. A little while later after having relaxed in the cool air conditioned condo, we got dressed up for dinner at a fancy seafood restaurant in town. On our way there, a group of girls in the car behind us were yelling out the window at their friends and rammed into the back of my grandpa’s truck. My grandpa was upset, so we didn’t make it to the restaurant until around tw o hours later. For dinner, I ordered a steak, and it was mouthwateringly juicy. When we arrived back to our cozy condo my grandparents went up to the rooms and my family and I went out to the beach. My mom and I had our phones so we turned on our flashlights and

Theme Of Literary Devices In Harrison Bergeron - 1116 Words

ESSAY TITLE Literary devices will be a primary source used to compare and contrast the narrative and stylistic choices made in the short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut, and the film 2081 directed by Chandler Tuttle. In the film the director is able to express visuals, sounds, and physical characters, to establish a firm idea of how the characters within the story act and feel based on their surroundings and what is happening around them. However, an Author in a short story is reliant on his words alone to paint the picture for the reader to understand the movement of the plot and its impact on the atmosphere. The literary devices used in creating and shaping pieces of literature will heavily impact the point of view of the†¦show more content†¦The muddled and messy sounds from the violinist escalated to a strong and beautiful melody, in sync with the tension built in the story. The effect of sound and tune on character emotion within the film compli mented the drastic advance of excitement and tension throughout the dance from Harrison and his partner on stage. Not only was it the sound of the radio handicaps that affected the build of tension, but it was also a compilation of background noises which influenced the direction of the readers attention at key moments throughout the film. During the brief cuts to Hazel Bergeron washing the dishes the sound created by the running water drowned out the news reporter and the entire clip of Harrisons display on stage. Hazel was oblivious to the situation presented, thus demonstrating her lack of awareness throughout the entire film. The audiences interpretation of visuals presented in the story will impact the flow of tension, and it affects where viewers make their connections to characters. The two stories have differing points of tension due to visuals created in the readers mind, and appearances for the viewers. In the short story there is more of a comical approach with the imagery used. The insincere mood was specifically touched upon when the ballet switched to a news broadcast and there was no mentionShow MoreRelatedEquality And Diversity In Kurt Vonneguts Harrison Bergeron1263 Words   |  6 Pagesequality? Kurt Vonnegut’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† answers that question with a solid no, we should not. Through his comical and sarcastic tone, many forms of irony, and absurd hyperboles, Vonnegut supports his work as a satire that both critically analyses and mocks the idea of total equality; Overall, emphasising the idea that society should strive for equality of justice, liberty, and rights , but not of things like the attributes that make us individuals. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† sarcasm is expressedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Harrison Bergeron 955 Words   |  4 Pagespersonalizing the experience. As shown in The Top 20 Literary Quotes About Short Stories, author Lorrie Moore aptly remarked, â€Å"A short story is a love affair, a novel is a marriage. A short story is a photograph, a novel is a film.† In the present day world, it has become common for people to strive for equality; however, this could be harmful if taken too far. There would be nothing to make anyone unique, dulling the world of all its wonder. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut, the year is 2081, and everyoneRead MoreTotalitarianism in Orwells Mind Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagestheir leader. They rule the farm with an iron fist, utilizing the fact that the other farm animals are far less intelligent than them. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, a short story created by author Kurt Vonnegut, is about the United States in th e 2080s, where people are equal due to devices that handicap their strengths. The dynamic, god-like character, Harrison Bergeron, is able to break free from his handicaps, but in the end is killed by an executive within the US Government. The authors of these novels

Huhuhu Free Essays

Chapter 7: Review Question : 3 3Q) How do the Internet and Internet technology work, and how do they support communication and e-business? Ans) The Internet is a worldwide network of networks that uses the client/server model of computing and the TCP/IP network reference model. Every computer on the Internet is assigned a unique numeric IP address. The Domain Name System (DNS) converts IP addresses to more user-friendly domain names. We will write a custom essay sample on Huhuhu or any similar topic only for you Order Now Worldwide Internet policies are established by organizations and government bodies, such as the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Define the Internet, describe how it works, and explain how it provides business value. The Internet has become the world’s most extensive, public communication system that now rivals the global telephone system in reach and range. Most homes and small businesses connect to the Internet by subscribing to an Internet service e provider. An Internet service provider (ISP) is a commercial organization with a permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections to retail subscribers. †¢Explain how the Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addressing system work. It would be incredibly difficult for Internet users to remember strings of 12 numbers; the Domain Name System (DNS) converts domain names to IP addresses. The domain name is the English-like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric IP address for each computer connected to the Internet. DNS servers maintain a database containing IP addresses mapped to their corresponding domain names. To access a computer on the Internet, users need only specify its domain name. DNS has a hierarchical structure. At the top of the DNS hierarchy is the root domain. The child domain of the root is called a top-level domain, and the child domain of a top-level domain is called is a second-level domain. The Internet is based on the TCP/IP networking protocol suite. Every computer on the Internet is assigned a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address, which currently is a 32-bit number represented by four strings of numbers ranging from 0 to 255 separated by periods. When a user sends a message to another user on the Internet, the message is first decomposed into packets using the TCP protocol. Each packet contains its destination address. The packets are then sent from the client to the network server and from there on to as many other servers as necessary to arrive at a specific computer with a known address. At the destination address, the packets are reassembled into the original message. †¢List and describe the principal Internet services. A client computer connecting to the Internet has access to a variety of services. These services include e-mail, electronic discussion groups, chatting and instant messaging, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and the Web. E-mail: E-mail enables messages to be exchanged from computer to computer, with capabilities for routing messages to multiple recipients, forwarding messages, and attaching text documents or multimedia files to messages. Although some organizations operate their own internal electronic mail systems, most e-mail today is sent through the Internet. The costs of e-mail is far lower than equivalent voice, postal, or overnight delivery costs, making the Internet a very inexpensive and rapid communications medium. Chatting: Many workplaces have employees communicating interactively using chat or instant messaging tools. Chatting enables two or more people who are simultaneously connected to the Internet to hold live, interactive conversations. Chat systems now support voice and video chat as well as written conversations. Many online retail businesses offer chat services on their Web sites to attract visitors, to encourage repeat purchases, and to improve customer service. Instant Messaging: Instant messaging is a type of chat service that enables participants to create their own private chat channels. The instant messaging system alerts the user whenever someone on his or her private list is online so that the user can initiate a chat session with other individuals. Instant messaging systems for consumers include Yahoo! Messenger, Google Talk, and Windows Live Messenger. Companies concerned with security use proprietary instant messaging systems such as Lotus Sametime. News Groups: Newsgroups are worldwide discussion groups posted on Internet electronic bulletin boards on which people share information and ideas on a defined topic, such as radiology or rock bands. Anyone can post messages on these bulletin boards for others to read. Many thousands of groups exist that discuss almost all conceivable topics. File Transfer Protocol(FTP): Transferring files from one computer to another computer. These files can be transferred through internet by using communication software’s like chatting, instant messaging and many. Web: The Web is the most popular Internet service. It’s a system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information using client/server architecture. Web pages are formatted using hypertext with embedded links that connect documents to one another and that also link pages to other objects, such as sound, video, or animation files. When you click a graphic and a video clip plays, you have clicked a hyperlink. †¢Define and describe VoIP and virtual private networks, and explain how they provide value to businesses. The Internet has also become a popular platform for voice transmission and corporate networking. Voice over IP (VoIP) technology delivers voice information in digital form using packet switching, avoiding the tolls charged by local and long-distance telephone networks. Calls that would ordinarily be transmitted over public telephone networks travel over the corporate network based on the Internet Protocol, or the public Internet. Voice calls can be made and received with a computer equipped with a microphone and speakers or with a VoIP-enabled telephone. Although there are up-front investments required for an IP phone system, VoIP can reduce communication and network management costs by 20 to 30 percent. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a secure, encrypted, private network that has been configured within a public network to take advantage of the economies of cale and management facilities of large networks, such as the Internet). A VPN provides your firm with secure, encrypted communications at a much lower cost than the same capabilities offered by traditional non-Internet providers who use their private networks to secure communications. VPNs also provide a network infrastructure for combining voice and data networks. Several competing protocol s are used to protect data transmitted over the public Internet, including Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). †¢List and describe alternative ways of locating information on the Web. The various alternative ways of locating information on the Web are namely: Search Engines: Search engines attempt to solve the problem of finding useful information on the Web nearly instantly, and, arguably, they are the â€Å"killer app† of the Internet era. Today’s search engines can sift through HTML files, files of Microsoft Office applications, PDF files, as well as audio, video, and image files. There are hundreds of different search engines in the world, but the vast majority of search results are supplied by three top providers: Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft’s Bing search engine. Intelligent Agent Shopping Bots : Shopping bots use intelligent agent software for searching the Internet for shopping information. Shopping bots such as MySimon or Google Product Search can help people interested in making a purchase filter and retrieve information about products of interest, evaluate competing products according to criteria the users have established, and nego tiate with vendors for price and delivery terms. Many of these shopping agents search the Web for pricing and availability of products specified by the user and returns a list of sites that sell the item along with pricing information and a purchase link. Web-Blogs: A blog, the popular term for a Weblog, is a personal Web site that typically contains a series of chronological entries (newest to oldest) by its author, and links to related Web pages. The blog may include a blog roll (a collection of links to other blogs) and trackbacks (a list of entries in other blogs that refer to a post on the first blog Wiki’s: Wikis, in contrast, are collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site, including the work of previous authors. Wiki software typically provides a template that defines layout and elements common to all pages, displays user-editable software program code, and then renders the content into an HTML-based page for display in a Web browser. Social Networking: Social networking sites enable users to build communities of friends and professional colleagues. Members each typically create a â€Å"profile,† a Web page for posting photos, videos, MP3 files, and text, and then share these profiles with others on the service identified as their â€Å"friends† or contacts. Social networking sites are highly interactive, offer real-time user control, rely on user-generated content, and are broadly based on social participation and sharing of content and opinions. †¢Compare Web 2. 0 and Web 3. 0. Web 2. 0 facilitates interaction between web users and sites, so it allows users to interact more freely with each other. Web 2. 0 encourages participation, collaboration, and information sharing. This web 2. 0 is also called as â€Å"Second generation World Wide Web. † Examples of Web 2. 0 applications are Youtube, Wiki, Flickr, Facebook, and so on. This is also termed as ‘ read-write web ‘. Web 3. 0 is also called as â€Å"Semantic web† which means web for the future. In Web 3. 0, computers can interpret information like humans and intelligently generate and distribute useful content tailored to the needs of users. Web 3. 0 is known as the â€Å"Third generation of World Wide Web†. With the help of Web 3. 0, web content was easily carried in the form of natural language. It also consist of micro formats, natural language search, recommendation agents which are commonly known as AI i. e. Artificial Intelligence. One example of Web 3. 0 is Tivo, a digital video recorder. Its recording program can search the web and read what it finds to you based on your preferences. Reference: Kenneth C. Laudon , Jane P. Laudon — Management Information System: managing the digital firm 12th Edition. [Page numbers: 251 – 274] How to cite Huhuhu, Papers

“Young Goodman Brown” by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay Example For Students

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne contains much symbolism. The symbols take many forms from the setting to the characters. The symbols can be viewed as just part of the story line, but apon further thought they represent many different things. Faith, Brown’s wife, is a symbol herself. When he says, â€Å"My love and my Faith,† he is using his wife as a symbol and is really referring to his love and faith in God. He goes on to say â€Å"this one night I must tarry away from thee. He means that he must part from his faith in God to carry on with his journey. He also says to the devil, â€Å" Faith kept me back awhile† and is making reference to a higher being that is trying to keep him from making his journey by delaying it. When Brown finds the pink ribbon that his wife was wearing lying in the forest he says, â€Å"my Faith is gone† and is referring to himself as losing his faith in God. Also, Goodman Brown’s â€Å"errand† symbolizes the Puritan voyage where they were to find the plan that God has set for them and let faith be their guidance. As Goodman Brown continues his â€Å"errand† and thing begin to go array he grows weak and falls to the ground. He begins to doubt whether there really was a Heaven above him and this is a key point when Goodman Browns faith begins to wain. Goodman Brown in panic declares that With Heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil! This is similar to a Puritan putting his faith in God and following â€Å"God’ Plan. † The forest that Goodman Brown ventures to in itself is a symbol. In the Puritan days the townspeople were barred from going into the forest because that is where evil lurked and even says â€Å" my father never went into the woods†¦nor his father before him. † Hawthorne described the forrest as â€Å" a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest† and even jokes of the evil lurking there when he says â€Å"there may be a devilish Indian behind every tree† and â€Å"What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow! † Hawthorne even uses the main character as a symbol. His name, Young Goodman Brown makes reference to him as being young and a good person. Then Hawthorne gives him such a common last name that it relates him to any and everybody, just like he does in one of his other short stories, â€Å"Everyman†, when he uses this as a reference to all of society. Another symbol that is present in the story is the mysterious man in the forest. He symbolizes the devil or evil in the story and strangely bears â€Å"a considerable resemblance to . † The Devil had with him a staff that bore the likeness of a great black snake. The staff, which looked like a snake, symbolizes the snake in the story of Adam and Eve. The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge, just as Brown is being led to unfathomed knowledge by the devil, and in turn is being led to his destruction. Just like Adam and Eve, when Brown finds the â€Å" fountain of all wicked arts† his faith is exiled from him just as Adam and Eve were cast from the garden. The story as a whole symbolizes that the potential for evil resides in everybody. The rest of Brown’s life is destroyed because of his inability to face the truth of sin and live with it. The story, which may have been a dream, and not a real life event, planted the seed of doubt in Browns mind, which him to lose his faith in his fellow man and leaves him alone and depressed. His life ends alone and miserable because he was never able to look at himself and realize that what he believed were everyone elses faults were his as well, and this led to his isolation from the community. Brown was buried with no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom.

Buddhism as a Sacred Tradition

Essay on Internal Control

Essay on Internal Control Essay on Internal Control CASH CONTROL GUIDELINES General The term â€Å"cash† includes currency, coin, checks, money order, credit/debit cards, ACH online payments and electronic file transfers. All departments receiving any form of cash, including cash receipts, change funds and petty cash funds must be authorized by the Director of Student Accounts. This authorization is established through a Memorandum of Understanding that outlines the responsibilities of the cash site and assigns accountability to an individual – usually the Director or Manager – within the department who must sign the Memorandum. All cash sites are subject to audit and the authorized individual at those sites must ensure that the department complies with all governmental regulations, university policies/procedures and the recognized standards for internal controls as related to cash. All employees assigned cash handling responsibilities must be instructed regarding the cash regulations and guidelines that the department must followed. INTERNAL CONTROLS Strong internal controls are necessary to prevent mishandling of funds and safeguard assets. They protect both the university and the employees handling cash. The standard internal control categories that authorized individuals should be aware of are: Safeguarding Cash, Cash Receipts, Reconciliation, Segregation of Duties, and Other. Safeguarding Cash Youngstown State University’s cash control guidelines are governed by Ohio Revised Code, Section 9.39, and require that the funds held overnight be minimized. It requires that all public moneys received be deposited â€Å"on the business day next following the day of receipt, if the total amount of such moneys received exceeds one thousand dollars. If the total amount of the public moneys so received does not exceed one thousand dollars, the person shall deposit the moneys on the business day next following the day of receipt, unless the public office of which that person is a public official adopts a policy permitting a policy permitting a different time period, not to exceed three business days next following the day of receipt, for making such deposits, and the person is able to safeguard the moneys until such time as the moneys are deposited.† 1 Access to cash should be restricted at all times. It should be kept in a locked, secure storage facility to which only designated individuals have access. This could be a lockable cash drawer, safe, safe compartment or filing cabinet. The degree of security provided by the storage facility should be commensurate with the amounts being stored. Combinations or keys to safes and other storage facilities should be restricted to the custodian of the cash and designated back up. Combinations or locks should be changed as necessary, and whenever a person with the combination or key is separated. Appropriate precautions † commensurate with the amounts being transported † should be taken when transporting cash from the department to the Office of Student Accounts. All large deposits or those deposits made on a regular basis should be arranged by the department for transport by the YSU Police. Under no circumstances should cash be sent through campus mail or carried by an employee in an obvious container or after dark. Cash Receipts All cash should be recorded immediately upon receipt by use of: cash register, data entry to computer system, pre†numbered receipt or handwritten log. Each individual cash receipt should be identified and controlled by a unique, sequential transaction number, such as a cash register or hand receipt number. Checks should be made payable to YSU (department name optional) and restrictively endorsed (departmental name required) immediately upon receipt. An endorsement stamp may be obtained from the Office of Student Accounts and University Receivables for this purpose. Cash receipts should be

Annotation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Annotation - Assignment Example Nonetheless, the other authors support a balance between prohibition and legalization while Angela Hawken advocates full legalization. One possible bias of this book is when Caulkins implies that the responsible majority users of marijuana should sacrifice their fun in order to aid the irresponsible minority. Nevertheless, he does not prove that prohibition has protected the minority irresponsible users. The article is based on the gateway hypothesis. It researches the prevention or invention and genetic factors of using other prohibited drugs after using marijuana. The gateway hypothesis implies that a marijuana user will commence using more lethal/ hard drugs at some point in their life. According to the study, marijuana users are most likely to try heroin and get addicted to it. As such, marijuana use makes it possible for the user to advance to more lethal and dangerous drugs. The authors used adolescents as part of the study. The study is biased since correlation is not always cause. Marijuana typically precedes rather than follow the initiation into other illegal drug use. However, alcohol use and underage smoking precede the use of marijuana. Therefore, marijuana is not the first gateway to illegal drug use. Khatapoush, Shereen, and Denise Hallfors. "â€Å"Sending the wrong message†: did medical marijuana legalization in California change attitudes about and use of marijuana?." Journal of Drug Issues 34.4 (2004): 751-770. The article suggests that the recent policy changes in California have had a minimal impact on the attitudes and behaviour related to marijuana. The authors in their study to assess and analyse the effect of legalizing medicinal marijuana among the youth used telephone survey data. Consequently, they found out that some marijuana behaviour and attitudes did change after proposition 215 in 1996 was passed. Conversely, marijuana use did not increase. The major possible bias of the study is that sanctioning the use of

The state of the real estate market in UK Essay

The state of the real estate market in UK - Essay Example This essay discusses that in the UK, the cost of paying rent went high. With this, demand for rental houses also escalated. A great percentage of investors joined in the real estate business with the expectation that they will amass a lot of profits from the business. The amount of rent went high at an alarming rate with the number of investors increasing. Baum & Hartzell indicate that the amount of supply for real estate as at 2010 was very low. On the other hand, CML indicates that in the year 2010, the real estate business was booming and was very profitable at that time of the season. According to business analysts, this kind of scenario is referred to as a profitable mix, an inclusion of both demand and niche in the supply. In relation to the failure of the real estate business, this concept has a great correlation with the increase in the need to create a supply chain for the increase in demand by the tenants. With the rent yielding a lot of profits, the market experienced an i nflux of entrepreneurs in the business of real estate markets. With time, the real estate became flooded with a lot of people claiming a piece of the market. At one point in the businesses, a good number of entrepreneurs were wiped out of business. This led to a decrease in the number of investors in the business due to the tough competition. At the end of 2010, the business faced a lot of challenges and was not considered profitable at all. This is a major indicator of the reasons the real business declined. 2.2. High building rates Despite the increase in population in UK and the number of willing investors in the real estate business, the building rates still remain high. The international standards, according to FSA (2009), did not meet the booming prices in the period of 2010, since the building regulations were extremely high. On the other hand, the population in UK was rising at a high rate; thus, alteration in the household sizes. Just like indicated earlier, it is the need to fulfill the demands of the market that led to an increase in the supply of the real estates. However, in the period of 2010, less people invested in the business during the economic recess. The returns from the business were extremely high to an extent, that the government recorded a deficit in the number of houses; thus, researchers and made a recommendation through the Town Planning Council that over 200,000 houses must be built so as to cover the increase in population. Donald & Mc Millen (2010) indicate that by the end of 2010, the real estate had recorded a deficit of around one million houses, a clear indication of the fact that investors had backed out for a more profitable business. On another angle, the amount of credit offered to the real estate businesses decreased to a great extent, rendering many businessmen with no other option but to get out of the market. With this in mind, Great Britain: H.M. Treasury (2010)

Internal and external analysis of Walkers crisps

Internal and external analysis of Walkers crisps The first section of paper will introduce the background information of PepsiCo Inc. and then followed the company mission and vision. Then PepsiCo UK Ireland division is focused and further narrowed down to Walkers Crisp, the snack food product line of the division. The next section is the market situation analyses which identify the market size and growth in UK snack food industry followed by the external analysis conducted in the form of PESTLE. Subsequently, the internal analysis of Walkers Crisps and its competitor which consist of McCoys Crisps and Pringles is conducted to highlight the competitive advantage of Walkers Crisps. Last section covers the market segmentation; targeting and positioning of Walkers Crisps in UK with the recommendation on Walkers Crisps marketing strategy as well as its implications on the division illustrated in forecast budget. Table of content 1.0 Company Background 2 1.1Management Overview 2-3 1.2 Financial Situation 3 2.0 Mission Statement 4 2.1 Mission 4 2.2 Vision 4 2.3 Value 4 2.4 Goal 4 3.0 Market Situation 5 3.1 Market Size and Growth 5 3.2 Market Trends 5-6 3.3 External Environment Analysis 7-9 3.31 Political Environment 7 3.32 Economic Environment 7 3.32 Social Environment 7 3.34Technological Environment 7-8 3.35 Legal and Regulatory Environment 8 3.36 Natural Environment 9 3.4 SWOT Analysis of Walkers Crisps 10-11 3.5Competitors Situation (SWOT Analysis) 12-13 4.0 Marketing Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning 14-16 5.0 Marketing Objectives 17 6.0 Marketing Strategy 6.1 Product 18-19 6.2 Promotion 19-20 6.3 Price 20 6.4 Place 20 7.0 Assumptions 21 8.0 Forecast and Implication 22-23 Appendix 24-26 Bibliography 27-29 Company Background PepsiCo, Inc. is the world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages. The corporation is founded in 1995 by Donald M. Kendall, President and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi-Cola and Herman W. Lay, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Frito-Lay, through the merger of the two companies (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). Over the years, PepsiCo, Inc. continues to make effort to increase company portfolio by expanding market in different countries which resulted nearly 200 countries are selling products under the corporation. PepsiCo is now a listed company on the Dow Jones North America Sustainability Index and Dow Jones World Sustainability Index (PepsiCo Inc, 2010). 1.1 Management Overview Figure Business Units of PepsiCo As illustrated in Figure 1, the four main divisions of PepsiCo are PAF, PAB, PepsiCo Europe and PepsiCo Asia, Middle East Africa (AMEA). PepsiCo UK and Ireland (PUK) is classified as PepsiCo Europe division. Under the leadership of Richard Evans, President of PepsiCo UK Ireland, Walkers achieved its highest-ever market share and the brand was re-established as a British icon (PepsiCo UK Ireland). Walkers has been core brand of PUK and mainly manufactured in United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Walkers is also the UKs favourite crisps brand which owned by Frito-Lay which its current logo a derivative of the North American Lays logo. Currently, Walkers Crisps hold 47% share of the UK crisps market (Net Resources International, 2010). 1.2 Financial Situation In overall, PepsiCo grew 5 % in net revenue on a constant currency basis as compared to 2008 which was upset by the unfavourable economy condition. PepsiCo American Foods dominant 48% group net revenue. PepsiCo American Beverages and PepsiCo Europe fell 7.5% and 2.4% respectively. However, PepsiCo Asia, Middle East Africa (AMEA) grew 9% which increase the total net revenue of the group (PepsiCo, 2009). According to the annual report, PepsiCo Europe snack food volume in last year declined 1% as compared to 2008 with 6% growth. Walkers in the United Kingdom declined at a low-single-digit rate which is caused by macroeconomic challenges. Source: Annual Report 2009 2.0 Mission Statement 2.1 Mission The mission of PepsiCo is to be the worlds premier consumers product company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). 2.2 Vision PepsiCos vision is put into action through programs and a focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). 2.3 Value PepsiCo stressed on the commitment of delivering sustained growth through empowered people acting responsibly and building trust (PepsiCo Inc, 2010). 2.4 Goals Non financial Goals 1. To reduce water consumption in global by 20 percent per unit of production by 2015. 2. To grow savoury snack and liquid refreshment beverage market share in the top 20 markets. 3. To develop a group of leaders who better understand how to work more cohesively at the global level in multidiscipline teams. Financial Goals 1. To improve brand equity scores for PepsiCos 19 billion-dollar brands in top 10 markets. 2. To grow savoury snack and liquid refreshment beverage market share in the top 20 markets. 3. To grow the companys nutrition businesses from $10 billion to $30 billion in the next decade. 3.0 Market Situation 3.1 Market Size and Growth According to Key Note, the UK snack foods market in terms of retail sales has a strong of 8.4% was seen between 2008 and 2009 as manufacturers passed on steep rises in commodity costs for items such as potatoes, sunflower oil and nuts. The total value of the market has increased by 12% between 2005 and 2009 to reach  £2.39bn. Potato snack gained 85% of UK snack foods market followed by other savoury snacks and snack nuts (MyCompanyPR, 2010). 3.2 Market Trend High demand in safety and healthy foods Consumers demand in safe and healthy snack food is an emerging trend. According to Report, there been a high proportion of consumers interested in natural and healthful food and drinks increases, so will sales of products with naturally nutritionally rich and quality calorie content. Manufacturers of snack foods reducing salt and fat content in their foods through the introduction of light and low-fat variants to respond to health issues. Emphasis has been placed on the use of more natural ingredients, as well as on baked, rather than fried goods (MyCompanyPR, 2010). The trend is more distinct when UK government has imposed restrictive food and drink nutritional labelling regulations as to control the obesity population in the country. Global media influence consumers choice Consumers buying behaviour change in a way of becoming active information seeker on the food nutritional and calorie content before purchase decision is made. The availability of Internet allows consumers have greater access to products information around the world. Thus, more and more snack manufacturers share their product nutritional label in their official websites for consumers references. Consumers embraced ethical product On the other hand, more people are inspired to buy food that has minimal impact on the environment. This shows that consumers product evaluation work more than just the tastiness or quality but take consideration of the food products packaging and manufacturing process. Therefore major marketers and retailers are increasingly tapping into this trend by offering more ethical products, upping their corporate responsibility efforts through energy-efficient green facilities and sustainable business practices, and increasing their associated cause-related marketing efforts (Packaged Facts, 2010). According to Mintels Global New Products Database (GNPD), in between 2005 and 2010 to date, there have been 17,208 food and drink products launched in Europe that make some claim towards being ethical. Between 2005 and 2009, Mintel identified a 963 per cent increase in product launches in the category, from 445 products in 2005 to 4,732 last year (Decision News Media SAS, 2010). Mintel comments that  the key shift in the focus of ethical products: from animal-friendly to  environment-friendly  products is a sustainable factor for many snack manufacturer in rebuilding brands. 3.3 External Environment Analysis 3.31 Political Environment UK practices the integration of three government departments on food labelling policy which are Food Standards Agency (FSA), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and Department of Health. FSA has the responsibility for food safety aspect in nutritional labelling in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In England, Department of Health responsible for nutritional policy and Defra become responsible for country of origin labelling and various other types of food labelling not related to food safety, and food composition policies in England. 3.32 Economic Environment The economy of United Kingdom is in the recovery stage after having a severe recession in 2009. The GDP growth of UK in 2010 quarter two remain unrevised from the increase of 1.2% published last month (Office for National Statistics, 2010). Consumer disposable income is medium low as the household consumption expenditure rose slightly rose by 0.7% in latest quarter. A rise in world commodity prices for grocery product have indirectly increase food price. PepsiCo UK Walkers is in the disadvantage position due to an increase in operation cost and engage in price war to attract more market share. 3.33 Social Environment Obesity is the major health problem of the UK nations and healthy eating is one of the trends in food and drink sectors in UK. Consumers actively scrutinize the ingredients and nutritional labelling as a way to choose the right snack foods. PUK Walkers Brands respond to the change of consumer preference toward healthy snack by using Sun Seed oils to cook their crisps in order to reduce saturated fat content of the crisps. Walkers also provide a front-of-pack Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) label to inform consumers about the amount of energy and key nutrients provided in a portion of the product, and the contribution they make to the GDA for that nutrient (PepsiCo UK Ireland, 2010). 3.34 Technological Environment According to ITU, 82.5% of the population in UK are Internet user. Most popular sites visit overall among UK Web user are Google, YouTube and social network visits have climbed from about 10% of all UK site visits to 11.88% of the total (eMarketer Inc., 2009). PUK Walkers Crisps has adapted to the surfing trends and connect consumers through social network. Last year, Walkers Crisps launched a Do us a Flavour, Pick us a winner campaign which uses electronic vote via mobile,  Facebook  or email was successful to capture the heart of the nation inviting the public to create the next great flavour of Walkers Crisps (Enzo Annunziata, 2009). Year Users Population % Pop. Usage Source 2000 15,400,000 58,789,194 26.2 % ITU 2005 35,807,929 59,889,407 59.8 % Nielsen Net//Ratings 2007 38,512,837 60,363,602 63.8 % Nielsen//NR 2009 48,755,000 61,113,205 79.8 % Nielsen Online 2010 51,442,100 62,348,477 82.5 % ITU Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/eu/uk.htm Besides snack manufacturers start to embrace green technology on their production. PUK adapted to the change by upgrading Walkers brands with eco- friendly packaging by using starch derived from potato peelings to make chips bag, thus helping save on costs by recycling potato by-products (TFTS Technology, 2010). 3.35 Legal Regulatory Environment UK government has been imposing restrictive regulatory pressure on food safety. The Food Safety Act 1990 is one of the main food laws in UK by preventing food business from rendering food injurious to healthy (Section 7) and selling to the purchasers prejudice any food which is not of the nature or substance or quality demanded by the purchaser (Section 14). Food companies that offence the Section 7 or 14 will be penalized with fine up to  £5,000 per offence or a prison sentence of up to six months (Food Standard Agency, 2010). The Food Hygiene (England) Regulations 2006 is the food hygiene rules for all food businesses, applying effective and proportionate controls throughout the food chain, from primary production to sale or supply to the food consumer (Food Standard Agency, 2010). 3.36 Natural Environment According to Report of Department of Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), UK environment is improving as the serious incidents affecting water, air and land are dropping from year 2002 to 2008. However, climate change like drought has a huge impact in food production. PepsiCo UK Ireland has taken initiative on reducing the carbon footprint in their manufacturing, distribution and packaging processes, and those of their suppliers. They switching to 100% British potatoes to lower food miles, reusing waste oil in biodiesel in their trucks as well as practice light-weighting of packaging. As a result they achieved a 7% reduction of Walkers carbon footprint between 2007 and 2009 (CIB, 2010). Source: http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/inlwater/kf/iwkf11.htm 3.4 SWOT Analysis of PepsiCo UK (Walkers Brand) Strength UK market leader in crisps Experienced management teams and board of directors. Strong manufacturing and distribution system Provide a variety of crisps flavours using familiar and natural ingredients Strong financial support from PepsiCo Inc. Launch the first Carbon Reduction Label Weaknesses Walkers brands sales declined Inaccuracy in product nutritional labelling Commodity price is inconsistent. Opportunity Increasing consumption of snack Eating healthy snack is a trend High demand in environmental friendly processed food as in packaging Threat Snack viewed as unhealthy product Intense Competition Water stress and crop failure in region Volatile in foreign exchange rate Strength PepsiCo UKs (PUK) favour internally are its strengths of an experienced managements team and board of directors which give a clear direction of the selling strategy of Walkers Crisps. Besides, PUK and Walkers actively engage with carbon emissions reduction from its supply chain to packaging has scored the company a good reputation in the effort of preserving environments. Walkers brand uses healthy oil to fry or baked the crisps which suit consumers demand of healthy snack food. Walkers brand also gain competitive advantage of being the first product that launched Carbon Reduction label which other competitors could have takes time to imitate in future. Weakness The weakness of PUK is the sales volume of Walkers crisps is decreasing attribute to the consumers negative perception of snack food. Walkers brand crisps have been engage with a number of problem and complaint about inaccuracy in nutritional label. In particularly, Walkers claimed their flavour is suitable for Coeliacs but not entirely gluten free (contains barley malt). Once consumers find the product labelling is misleading, they would not repurchase the item as it indicated the product is unsafe to consume. Nevertheless, the increase in commodity prices due to the disruption of unfavourable climate imposes high production cost to the company. Opportunity and Threat Favourable external factors include the rising demands of snack, food processing technological breakthrough in packaging which addressing the consumers demand of environmental friendly product which start practising by competitors. Main threat of PUK is disruption of production due to adverse climate such as water stress will increase the crop failure. PUK Walkers crisps face intense competition from both direct and indirect competitors which would adversely affect its current market share in UK snack food industry. United Biscuit Ltd and Procter Gamble Company are the direct competitors of PUK whereas the indirect product competitors are Kraft Food, Nestle and Kellogg. 3.5 Competitors Brand Situation (SWOT Analysis) The main competitors of Walkers Crisps are McCoys Crisps and Pringles. The table below shows the SWOT analysis of these companies. Competitors Brands McCoys Crisps Pringles Manufacturer United Biscuit Ltd  [1]   The Procter Gamble Company Country of Origin United Kingdom United States Market Shares 29% 21% Strength Dominance the young male market e.g. Slogan: the original and best crisp designed specifically for men and their distinctive tastes.  [2]   Special flavours as compared to other e.g. curry flavours Consumers can control the proportion of salt and addictives in their snack Strong financial support from the group Wide manufacturing facilities Approach different group of consumers from children to adults Slogan: Once You Pop, The Fun Doesnt Stop! Unique canister packaging  [3]  and sealable lid Differentiation on crisps shape: a hyperbolic parabolic saddle shape Strong financial support form group Weakness Salty and Fattening Fail to approach female and children market Organisation less focus on the brand Inconsistency in campaign effort especially in social network. Higher price as compared to other normal potato product Opportunity Increasing consumption of snack High demand in environmental friendly processed food as in packaging  [4]   Demands for exotic flavours snack is still high Able to approach different group of consumers Produce new flavours Threat Market share widen by other non-potato snack product Market share widen by other non-potato snack Competitive snack market climate Addiction of product Engage in negative food issues: HVP Salmonella recalls  [5]   *the calculation of market share has included potato crisps, snack, and nuts. 4.0 Marketing Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Segment base Children Youth Adults Demographic Age Income Occupation Family life cycle Below 12 Parents allowance Student Kids 13-24 Below 2000 Students, Part-timers Single, couples 25 44 Above 2000 Self-employed, Full-timers, Professional Single, couples, married Geographic Country Regions United Kingdom Scotland, North Ireland, Midlands Psychographic Social class Lifestyle Middle, High Leisure Middle, High Leisure, Fast-moving Low, Middle, High Fast-moving, convenient, less constraint Behavioural Usage rate User status Medium Regular Heavy Regular Medium Regular Crisps and savoury snack consumption by age group and gender Gender Age Group 2-10 11-18 19-34 35-49 50-64 Males Mean 19 22 18 19 16 Median 18 18 13 13 13 % consumers 79 87 56 37 22 Females Mean 20 23 17 13 13 Median 18 19 12 9 11 % consumers 86 84 53 45 26 Modified source: Low income diet and nutrition survey by food standard agency Percentage of crisps and savoury snack consumption according to country / region Gender Country / region England Scotland Wales North Central /Midlands South All England Men (%) 30 45 28 33 41 32 Females (%) 32 42 36 36 40 29 Modified source: Low income diet and nutrition survey by food standard agency Targeted groups The primary targeted is the youth which is from 13 year old to 24 year old. Low income diet and nutrition survey by Food Standard Agency reveal that 79% male and 86% female of this group consumed crisps and savoury snack. Older children and teens can be manipulated by the strong emotive messages in advertisements. The secondary targeted group is adult between the ages of 25 and 44. This group are medium snack consumers which has less budget constraints as compared to youth group. The frequent user of snack is working adult living in a fast moving lifestyle. Convenient snack become the instant meals for working adult who has less time on cooking their own meals. MarVariety of flavours Fatty Homogenous flavours Healthy Walker Crisps Pringles Chips McCoys Crisps Kettle Chips Doritos ket Positioning of Walkers Crisps Figure Perceptual map of Walker Crisps Walkers Crisps is benefited in the sense that positioned itself to be a healthy crisps which provides variety of flavours. Figure 2 shows that Walkers Crisps closest competitor is in house brand Doritos, and other competitors brands like Pringles Chips and Kettle Chips are far below its because consumers perceive them as fattening and homogenous in term of flavours. In term of crisps flavour, McCoys Crisps is the closest competitor of Walkers attributed to its uniqueness of crisps flavours which keep most innovative consumers buying on it. 5.0 Marketing Objectives (SMART) To increase the market share of Walkers Crisps in UK market. To increase the sales volume of Walker Baked by 30% from 2010 to 2012. Walkers to remove all artificial flavour enhancers, colours and preservatives, by 2012 (PUK Health Report). 50% of savoury snacks to be baked, or include positive nutrition*, by 2015. Increase availability of Walkers Baked by 25% by 2012 for consumers on-the-go. Trial marketing campaigns to transition consumers who have high per-capita consumption of savoury snacks to healthier alternatives, from 2010 (PUK Health Report). 6.0 Marketing Strategy 6.1 Product Strategy As discussed earlier in market situation analysis, consumers healthy eating demands are the key focus of PepsiCo UK in snack foods industry. PUK is recommended to remain focus its competitive advantage on producing healthful snack with healthy oil with eco-friendly packaging. Out of the five product extension under Walkers brands as shown in Table 1, PUK should undertake brand building of Walkers Baked because its contain less than 70% fat content which believe to meet consumers demand of healthy snack food. Table Walkers Brands Crisps Product Product Description Flavours Walkers Crisps Source: http://walkers.co.uk/?redirect=null#/our-range Potato crisps that cooked in Sun seed Oil which contained lower saturated fat. Ready salted, Cheese Onion, Prawn Cocktail, Salt Vinegar, Roast Chicken, Smoky Bacon, BBQ Rib, Steak Onion, Marmite, Tomato Ketchup, Pickled Onion, Worcester Sauce Walkers Light Source: http://walkers.co.uk/?redirect=null#/our-range/walkers-lights Potato crisps that is deliciously light, 33% less fat than ordinary crisps and under 115 calories. Cheese Onion, Sea Salt Cracked Black Pepper, Simply Salted, Sour Cream Chive Walkers Max Source: http://walkers.co.uk/?redirect=null#/our-range/walkers-max Deep ridge potato crisp, which gives more crunch and fuller flavour. Chargrilled Steak, Cheese Onion, Paprika, Cheeseburger Walkers Baked Source: http://www.walkers-baked.co.uk/ Crunchy potato crisp that oven baked twice and contained 70% less fat than other Walkers crisp. Mango Chilli, Cheese Onion, Bacon Cheddar, Sour Cream Chive, Ready Salted, Salt Vinegar Walkers Extra Crunchy Source: http://walkers.co.uk/?redirect=null#/our-range/walkers-extra-crunchy Potato crisp that sliced thicker, cooked little longer and crunchier than regular Walkers. Simply Salted, Salt Malt Vinegar, Cheddar Sour Cream, Sweet Chilli Chicken, Flame Grilled Steak http://www.scholieren.com/werkstukken/24548 6.2 Promotion Strategy Key promotion programs that PepsiCo UK is recommended is featuring in sponsorship of home event (treasure hunt), collaborative promotion with cinemas and social network advertising. Sponsorship of Walkers Baked Treasure Hunts PepsiCo UK will be sponsoring a charity event named Walkers Baked Treasure Hunt which participants are encouraged to have minimum purchase of two packages of Walkers Baked. The group will also donate 1% of the revenue in each purchases of Walkers Baked to the Carbon Trust Fund. The event is intended to promote the significant of human role on preserving the Earth by reducing the carbon emission. Besides, it could facilitate sales of Walkers Bakes and re-emphasize the environmental friendly brand image of Walkers. Collaborative promotion with cinema People tend to associated snack food with entertainments like watching movie. Therefore, PepsiCo UK should made strategic partnership with local cinemas like Cineplex, to enable the cinema to sells the Walkers brand crisps to the ongoing audiences. In addition, Cineplex can work closely with Walker Crisps through screening the brands commercial and collaborate with movies freebies giving away promotion. Social Network Advertising Walkers Baked Fan Page will be set up as an arena to connect fans about the product. By recruiting fan can increase the popularity of Walkers Baked and fans will be constantly updated with the incoming events like Walkers Baked Treasure Hunt and other seasonal promotions. Past events images will be uploaded to reconnect the existing fans. 6.3 Price Strategy Pricing of Walkers Baked vary according to place and size of the product. Pricing in petrol station and convenience store are fixed whereas the pricing of retail is varying depending on the special occasion (e.g. Easter Day) and competitors brand pricing. The price strategy of undertaken by Walker Baked includes psychological pricing which priced at  £1.99 instead of  £2 and competitors based pricing. 6.4 Place Strategy Walkers Baked crisps will be mass distributed in most of the shops in petrol kiosk such as Shell and BP. Walkers brands snack vending machine in entertainment parks such as bowling centre and cinema as a way to increase consumers exposure to the product. Besides, Walkers Baked crisps will be placed at the middle condola or shelve in hypermarket like Asda, Tesco and other convenient shops because consumers can pay more attention to products put at middle shelves as it is reach on hand easily. 7.0 Assumptions There will be no large fluctuation are made in the market. The company mitigates the exchange rate fluctuation through buying and selling forward in principal currencies of activity and aligning currency of cost with the currency of sales. The financial data of PepsiCo UK and Ireland is assumed to be included in operation review of PepsiCo Europe in PepsiCo Annual Report 2009. Sales and operating profit PepsiCo UK Ireland is assumed to be the net revenue and operating profit of PepsiCo Europe Division respectively. Operating expenses in year 2009 is assumed to be 7% of the total sales. 8.0 Forecast and Implication Forecast Budget of PepsiCo Europe Division from 2009 -2012 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 $m $m $m $m Forecast Sales 6727 7000 7700 8470 Cost of Sales 5795 5950 6468 7030 Percent 86% 85% 84% 83% Operating Profit 932 1050 1232 1440 Percent 14% 15% 16% 17% Operating expenses 471 420 385 339 Percent 7% 6% 5% 4% Profit 461 630 847 1101 Percent 7% 9% 11% 13% With the stimulation of mar

Reasons of K Pop Popularity Among Filipino Teenager Essay

The Korean popular music, or the Korean pop or simply k pop is a musical genre consisting of electronic hip hop, pop rock, and R&B music originating in South Korea. Huyhn (2011) defined k pop as for Korean pop music that covers a wide variety of contemporary music including pop, hip hop, and R&B, dance-pop. Bubblegum pop, house, electro pop, and techno. Due to the big wave of success, k pop became so popular not only in South Korea but also to other parts of the world especially here in the Philippines. Numerous k pop groups like shinee, 4 minute, ft islands, super junior, ukiss, best, kim hyun joong and rain visited the Philippines to perform. In addition, more than two thousand k pop fans gathered for the first ever Philippine k pop convention held in the Philippine international convention center last December 10, 2009 (Alanzalon, 2011). As the idols or the Korean artist has their own groups, fans also their own groups, that the fans make group for talking about their idols, share some information about this artist etc. meaning this groups only showing their love for their idols. Filipinos most teenagers do like Koreans not only with their popular music’s and artist but also the culture. As Neigoff (1994), studied that Koreans are actually and varcially homogeneous people. They have a common language and like the Chinese and the Japanese there are mongoloid descent. Koreans are known as using chopsticks for solid foods rather than spoon and pork. As here in the Philippines the main dish I or the favorite dish is adobo, in Korean their most popular dish is kimchi that is consider as diet typical dishes. Korean is not closely related I any other modern language, spoken Korean is soft and lifting (Neigoff, 1994). Truly that most Filipino teenage have their in cell Phone, mp3, pc, the songs of Korean. It doesn’t matter to them if their pronunciation of the song is not correct, as long as they know the tune of it. Most Filipinos sang the Korean songs without even know what is the meaning of it. Culture Invasion Villoja & Lucceanne (2011) says in a periodical that Korean started entering the music industry more than $ 400,000 just to train and launched a new artist, and to guarantee the probability of their success. From solo act of taeyang of wedding dress song and boy bands such as super junior and beast, and girl groups as wonder girls that hit the # 1 spot in US billboard hot 100 chart with the single album of â€Å"nobody†, each of them was brought nice songs and dance moves that truly love most Filipinos. Korean brought and keeps (Villoja & Lucceanne, 2011) on bringing not only music but also entertainment at its best doing not just singing but also must to learn dance moves. Popularity of Korea takes by the k pop music and k pop artist, why do Filipinos loves Korean music in spite of the language barrier? Korean influence Filipinos from hip hop and R&B. As Poole (2012) says in magazine k pop is going to be k hop. Now k hop is getting in on the act like big bang and 2ne1 and others. You can find fans doing dance cover for their favorite k pop stars all around you tube k pop stars hit songs usually have dance moves that are intriguing yet simple inviting viewers to dance along (Zestya, 2011). In Korean music, there are at least few steps that are so catchy that makes fans do move and dance it. Another thing why k pop music is so popular in Philippines is because of the theme song of what in Filipino called â€Å"koreanovelas†. ABS-CBN and GMA, and other networks, tagalized the movies or teleserye from Korean language to tagalong, is the reason why do Filipinos love it. The music of the koreanovelas or what we called OST is also tagalized, like for example, â€Å"pagibig na kaya† from princess hours, â€Å"I believe† from sassy girl and â€Å"I think I love you† from the teleserye full house. Nowadays, k pop just keeps on hitting the local charts, although tagalized version are not that anymore (Villoja & lucceanne, 2011). Most Filipino teens’ especially girls do like Korean because of the artist, artist of music, and artist in koreanovelas. Name people that don’t love has various talents? No one. â€Å"A lot of k pop Idol stars are known as singer an dancer (Zestya, 2011) but also as actress or actor. asa example is Kim hyun joong, first known as a member group F4 in boys over flowers, and also can dance and sing as a member of SS501 but now a solo dancer and singer artist in Korea. Ridiculously Gorgeous Physique I know, we’re talking about music. Why does the physique of the singer should matter? But let’s face it, for every Susan Boyle and Paul Potts around, there are more Justin Bieber and Britney Spears type of successful musician out there. The same case applies in K-Pop music. Most K-Pop Idol Groups that are well known all around the world consists of handsome boys and pretty girls. Whatever image they’re portraying, whether it’s cute and sweet or cool and fierce, they seem like they just jumped out of the newest manga series. They look good in black, blonde, brown, and even blue, silver, and even pink hair. In a time where music videos travel around the world in a second, appearance does matter. Especially when you’re in a group that consists of 7, 9, or even 13 members and your singing part isn’t that much to begin with. Never mind the fact that some of these idols went under the knife to improve their appearance. Hollywood stars are doing it, so why can’t they? (Zestya, 2011). K pop artist are popular In the Philippines of course because of fans. The idolization of Filipino fans to their idol Korean star are exceptionally dedicated. Most Filipino fans are local to their idols, they do like a stalker just to see them, to touch and to say hello to them, only one reply like â€Å"hi† is enough for them that why fans are exceptionally love their Idols. Popular boy band groups Lets start with super junior, the group is a thirteen member, but this active members are down to nine, the two of them were took in a mandatory military service, the other was took another career. This Korean band was the top Korean group star, each of everyone of them has a good attitudes and one of them is Choi Siwon, that according to other member is almost perfect, he is manly has a great body, kind smart, rich and is devoted Christian, and also good in English skills. Their popular music in the Philippines are like a cute dance moves â€Å"sorry, sorry† a kilig factor song â€Å"no other† and their latest song the â€Å"superman†. U kiss is another Korean group that visited Philippines twice, first is by endorsing their album, that had been popular in MYX music charts the song â€Å"bigeul bigeul†. The group is composed of 7 members but two of them leave the group for the other career but a newly member way take place of it, ukiss stand for â€Å"ubiquitous Korean idol super star†. Ukiss is different to other male group because their near to the fans, no strict security, free hand shake, free picture taking and also makes fans entertain that can say they truly love their fans. Another group is Ze:a that last January visited Philippines for the debut of their album â€Å"watch out†. he group is also known as children of empire that like super junior they consist of 9 member. Aragona (2012) says in a periodical that , screaming girls of the tween and teen demographic? Check, pounding pop music with mostly indecipherable lyrics? Check, pretty boy with skin so clear that could be endorsers for top skin care branch? Check, said boys sporting hairstyles that defy the laws of Newton? Check. Popular girl groups and artist Wonder girls is the first Korean artist that hit the # 1 spot in US billboard hot chart that is so popular in Philippines, singing in â€Å"videoke†, dancing in everywhere no other song as â€Å"nobody†. The 2ne1 that makes popular in Philippines because of sandarac park (dara park) that is an artist here in Philippines before she began a member of 2ne1. The girls generation that usually may be the couple of super junior because of common number of members. The girls generation or â€Å"so nyu shi dae† (snsd) in Korea GG, became popular because they are all talented with a nice style of clothing and hair that hit the filipina teenagers. The explosion of Korean pop on local radio, television and the internet is the second wave of hanryu, the so-called â€Å"Korean wave† that started seven or eight years ago with the local TV. Since then Korean companies have been exporting Korean pop culture even more aggressively (and with more marketing savvy) to Asia and beyond: movies, TV programs, music videos, recordings and live concerts. We used to buy their cars and home appliances, now we also buy their entertainment. (Caruncho, 2010). In conclusion most Filipino teenagers do love k pop because of their nice culture that is truly hooked up the hearts of many Filipinos, not only with the teens but also their parents do love k pop. It is true that if you are k pop you’ve never stop as the teens’ did to their idol stars. (Alanzalon,2011), the study my become the basis of Koreans entertainment companies to recognize the Philippine as a strong potential as a market for their products. The k pop popularity in Philippines is said to be will never stop because majority of tees’ do love and appreciated it. As I summary therefore I conclude that k pop continue hooked the hearts of many Filipinos until the next generation.

Owning a Pet

You go to the mall, and there in center court is a bunch of cute, soft, wiggly puppies and kittens; some of them are in cages and some are being walked around by handlers. There is a crowd of adults and children surrounding them. You just have to hold one of them for just a minute, and then you are hooked. Everyone knows that pets are loveable, soft and cuddly; what we forget about is the responsibility that comes with pet ownership. Outside of the time commitment to caring for a pet, there is also the financial aspect.When you own a pet, they have to be fed, groomed, exercised and loved; most of the time, with puppies, there is the training aspect of getting them to let you know when they need to go outside to eliminate waste and not to chew on furniture or other house fixtures. Try to avoid the use of second person â€Å"you† in your writing. Pets also add to the normal housekeeping routine due to pet hair and shedding which may require additional vacuuming. And, with cat ow nership, there is the need to keep the litter box clean.All of this takes time from an already busy schedule. Add to that the expense of owning a pet: food, grooming, veterinarian and training expenses, to name a few. Consequently, what seemed like a good idea can have a drastic impact on your life. Most of us work; what do you do with the pet during the day when you are away from home? Or, what if you plan a trip and are unable to take the pet with you? Do you have a family member willing to take on the responsibility of caring for your pet while you are gone?Or, do you pay to have the pet boarded while you are gone? Cats are fairly self-sufficient and can be left alone for long periods of time; dogs, not so much. If you own a dog and are away at work, what do you do about the dog using when it needs to go outside? These are all important considerations prior to walking out the door with that cute, fluffy pet. We all know that pets are loving and loyal companions. Above all, one sh ould consider the consequences of pet ownership, in terms of time and expenses.

Friedrich Froebel and Marie Clay Essay example - 1538 Words

Friedrich Froebel and Marie Clay Friedrich August Wilhelm Froebel was born in Oberweissback, Germany in April 21, 1782 (Ransbury, 1995). He was the sixth child of a Lutheran Minister, but lost his mother before his first birthday. As a young boy, he played and explored in the gardens surrounding his home most of the time. His deep love of nature would later influence his educational philosophy. He did not become educated until age eleven. When he was fifteen years old, he was apprenticed to a Forester. He then studied at the University of Jena. He accepted a teaching position at the Frankfurt Model School in Yverdon, Switzerland. This school was based on the teachings of Johann Heirnrich Pestalozzi. Froebel embraced Pestalozzi’s†¦show more content†¦The occupations were tasks that taught skills useful in later life such as weaving, folding paper, stringing beads, perforating paper, modeling with clay, lacing cards, follow the dots, and joint and stick construction (Ja longo and Isenberg, 2000). He also believed children were brought closer to God through song, dance, plays, and games. Froebel called his approach to education â€Å"self-activity† and â€Å"self-representation† (â€Å"Friedrich Froebel†, 2000; Ransbury, 1995). Therefore the teacher’s role is as a guide, not a lecturer (â€Å"Friedrich Froebel†, 2000). He was also the first to introduce the â€Å"concept of curricula appropriate to a child’s developmental level† (Woodill,1995). Froebel designed Kindergarten to children’s needs in â€Å"physical activity, the development of sensory awareness and physical dexterity, creative expression, exploration of ideas and concepts, the pleasure of singing, the experience of living among others, and satisfaction of the soul† (â€Å"Friedrich Froebel†, 2000). Until his death in 1852, he was devoted to making Kindergarten known. The German immigrants brought the idea of Kindergarten to the United States in the nineteenth century. Margaretta Schurz established the first German Kindergarten in Wisconsin in 1855 and Elizabeth Peabody established the first English Kindergarten and training school in Boston in 1860 (Sadker and Sadker, 2000). Like Froebel, Marie Clay a